Famous George Orwell Novel 1984 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 730 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: 1984 Essay Did you like this example? Imagine a society where the thoughts, emotions, and actions of every human are supervised by the government, and there is absolutely no freedom. This is a common theme for a dystopian society, as represented in the famous George Orwell novel, 1984. The Party had the power to control all humanity inside of Oceania. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Famous George Orwell Novel 1984" essay for you Create order Winston Smith and his beloved coworker, Julia, are against them in light of the fact that they feel discontent about the oppression and inflexible control of the Party. In the novel, they work together in an attempt to overthrow the Party, until they unfortunately realize it may be best to embrace the Partys doctrine once they come upon OBrien, a powerful member of the Brotherhood. Winston, along with all of the other residents of Oceania, are constantly watched by Big Brother, the government. The constant watch is kept on him by a telescreen, which is always monitoring not only his every action and word, but his facial expressions as well. The slightest notion through appearance or gesture against the Party, who support Big Brother, could automatically mean death, or maybe a much worse torture. He must appear to be a member of the Party in every aspect, and the Thought Police are always there to enforce that loyalty. (LSCHS) This allows us to imagine the cruel, totalitarian society Winston lives in, and just how selfish and power-hungry the government is. It is evident that anybody living under these circumstances would rather be elsewhere. If there is hope, it lies in the proles. (Orwell 89) This quote means that Winston believed that if they could all come together, they would be strong enough to destroy the Party since the proles make up eighty-five percent of the population of Oceania. If they chose they could blow the Party to pieces tomorrow morning. (Orwell 89) He does not think the Party can be overthrown from within. In addition, the proles are given freedom and have no connection with the Party because they are seen as the lower social class, meaning they are not important enough to pay much attention to. However, this concept becomes less significant later in the novel once Winston and Julia meet OBrien. OBrien wants to make Winston perfect in the Partys image to save him, by bringing torture unto him. If Winston could perhaps become rehabilitated, it was believed that he would be clean from preexisting thoughtcrime. Different torturous techniques he suffered were threats, degradation, starvation, and many others. However, this was not for Winstons sake, but for the Partys to prevent it from becoming corrupt. In addition, it would turn out that Winston was being watched for many years by OBrien and there was his chance to catch him, and to brain wash him into thinking what the Party wants him to think. The author uses this power struggle to enhance the meaning of the story. 1984, which was written in 1949, was intended to warn its readers in Western nations of the dangers of totalitarian government, or communism. This was important at the time due to the fact that the Cold War was at the verge of escalating. However, communism would begin to spread more rapidly later on. The pre-war international system had collapsed, causing the USA to face an enormously strengthened Communist USSR across large stretches of Europe and even vaster stretches of the non-European world, whose political future seemed uncertain except that in this explosive and unstable world anything that happened was more likely than not to weaken both capitalism and the USA, and to strengthen the power which came into existence by and for revolution. (Hobsbawm 231) In conclusion, George Orwells 1984 is about the dystopian, totalitarian society in Oceania. A totalitarian government us defined as a government that has almost complete control over the lives of its citizens and does not allow freedom to oppose them. (Cambridge English Dictionary) It describes Winston and the other citizens struggle trying to cope with living in such a society, trying to avoid getting caught and executed, and trying to escape its rule. It was written to inform readers about what might happen in the event that communism spreads across the world during the Cold War. Winston never actually became free from the Party, instead he was only deceived into changing his opinion on the Party, and when that didnt work, he had many more unfortunate things in store for him.

The Importance Of Organizational Communication - 1856 Words

The Importance of Organizational Communication Since the inception of organizational theory, scholars and managers have explored means of enhancing worker satisfaction and productivity, while also seeking to identify the primary contributors to employee satisfaction. Chester Barnard (1938), in explaining his theory of cooperative systems, was keenly aware of the fact that people work together, that they are interdependent, and that they must cooperate and communicate with one another in order for work to be done. In his discussions of the group process, he also anticipated much of what is being researched in organizational communication today. Barnard saw that group interaction created a system of values, perceptions, and expectations that could differ significantly from those of the formal system. The most general direct effects of informal organization are customs, mores, folklore, institutions, social norms and ideas (Barnard, 1938, p. 116). He saw this informal system as an important and often indispensable part of the forma l system (p. 121,) but that â€Å"major executives and even entire executive organizations are often completely unaware (p.121) of this informal process. One of the main effects of an informal system is its transmission of expected behaviors through the use of roles and norms. Finally, in his discussion of cooperation and specialization, Barnard emphasized that the correct order of cooperative acts is the first step in the development of cooperativeShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of A Communication Contract Helps Keep Organizational Relationships And Communication Between People1602 Words   |  7 Pages A communication contract helps to keep organizational relationships and communication between people in respectful and professional manners. According to Dresp-Langley (2009), a contract in communication promotes an ethical speech, which can be also revised by business leaders. 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However, a little more precisely in terms of organizational communication as a field, it is defined as the consideration, study, and the censure of communication. Therefore, it would be safe to say organizational communication is not merely the transfer of a message from one party to another but it is also an element which shapes upRead MoreKey Parts Of Organizational Communication1277 Words   |  6 PagesDefinitions of Key Parts Organizational Communication is best described by as an action that is continually evolving. In a given workplace there must be the sending and receiving of information. This concept is the central component to achieve both individual and common goals. Essentially, there would be no organization without communication. Knowledge Management is an organization’s methodology of making their intellectual assets as fully functional, or effective as possible. This is a systematicRead MoreThe And Characteristics Of An Organization1445 Words   |  6 Pagesis organized into seven sections. First, by defining what an organization is. Second, with a graph displaying a vision on organizational communication. Third, by defining the key parts that make up an organization. Fourth, by integrating the parts together through best practices. Fifth, by examining the nature and characteristics of an intelligent organization’s communication. Sixth, by identifying key strategies to meet the challenges in a technological workplace. In the final seventh section, byRead MoreHistory of Organizational Communication1537 Words   |  7 Pagesof the Field Reflection Paper | What is organizational communication? As a field organizational communication studies exactly what it sounds like the communication in organization. Defining the particulars of this often comes down to the researcher and the perspective that skew their opinions on the field. These subtle differences are why it takes Papa, Daniels and Spiker almost 16 pages to express their definition of their field of study. The organizational experiences of an individual have a huge

The Homoeostasis of a Living Organism

Question: ExplainThe Homoeostasis of a Living Organism. Answer: When any external or internal stimuli threaten the homoeostasis of a living organism, they respond with stress. Stress is a complicated defense reaction of various psychological, social and biological factors as opined by Saklofske et al. (2012). Stress is a simple response to stimuli but it gets complicated due to the interaction between individuals and the environment they are exposed. An individual becomes more or less predisposed to the stressors depending on their life experience, inherited traits and cognitive susceptibility. Gender, age, intelligence and personality traits such as self-efficacy, optimism, control, self-esteem, and hostility affects the degree of stress response and vulnerability and resilience to stress (Schoenfeld and Gould 2012). It is necessary to mention that, Friedman and Rosenmans research is very helpful in investigating the hypothesis related to the Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) that is associated with Type A behaviour. Apart from this, Friedman and Rosenman were the famous cardiologists who observed that there is common behaviour of the service users who came to them for their health issues as opined by Sittig et al. (2012). In addition, Friedman and Rosenman also observed that most of the service users who were suffered with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) were goal oriented, competitive, hostile, and driven as well as impatient (Yin 2013). As a result, these types of behaviours was the major reason for increasing the blood pressure level as well as increasing the levels of stress hormones that is linked with reason for illness in the body system as opined by Edwards, Baglioni Jr, and Cooper (2013). Aim: The aim of this particular research is to investigate the effects of Type A/Type B personality on stress response of individuals when stimulated through mild stressful activity. Objective: The objectives of this experiment are: To record the response of individuals to various stressful activity according to their personality type. The effect of personality type a and personality type B on stress response is evaluated. Planning your Research project What you need to do Tablet for you to complete What is your title? An experiment into the effects of personality on the stress response. What is the topic area you are investigating into? The topic area of this research is effects of personality on stress response. What is your aim? This research investigates the effects of Type A/Type B personality upon the stress response of individuals. Design What you need to do Tablet for you to complete Will you use experimental or non- experimental research method why? (justify your answer for EG experiment/observation / survey etc. The method used for the research on the effects of personality traits on stress response is experimental based using Friedman and Rosenmans research. Participants will be examined with various medical measurements like heart rate, breathing rate, pulse rate What will be your research design and why? independent groups, repeated measure or matched pairs) The study will be based on 20 independent participants. Participants will be examined with the medical measurements. The information data collected from the participants will be compared. What is the IV The IV is Personality type What is the DV The DV is Pulse Rate What is your Null hypothesis H0: Stress response is affected by only life experiences, family and social background. Is your Hypothesis directional/ non-directional? Justify your answer here The hypothesis of this study is non-directional. The dependent variable (Pulse Rate) of the stress response depends on independent variable (Personality Type). Are there any EVs to take into consideration? EV should be taken into consideration because as the study is based on measurements of different biological aspect by researcher, there may be errors due to issues such as, equipment issues and accuracy of the information provided. Confounding variables and limitations- do you think there may be any limitations within your research investigation which you cannot control for? There may me problems associated with freedom and privacy of the participants which can cause distractions in the research setting. Examination of various participants is subjected to prejudice in human communication. What ethical issues will you need to consider and why? Ethical issues needed to be considered in this research are: Participants of the investigation may not get a written explanation of the research survey. The location of the examination of the body may not be comfortable for all participants. Confidentially of the information provided by the researcher is very crucial. Informed consent of the participants must be acquired before conducting the body examination. Participants What you need to do Tablet for you to complete How will you select your sample? Opportunity random etc. Participants are selected by the researcher. The information about the research is provided to the participants that ensure them for examining their pulse rate, heartbeat rate. How many participants will be required to gain a sufficient amount of data? That means in order to conduct a statistical test Total 20 participants are required. 10 participants are required those who have Type A and the other hand, 10 participants who have type B personality What will the age range / gender be? The range of age is from 20 to 40 male and female both. How will participants be allocated to each condition? The participants are allocated through few significant questionnaires that are related to identify the personality types whether it is Type A or Type B. After the separation they are divided into two groups. Materials required What you need to do Tablet for you to complete What do you need to help you collect the data? Questionnaire record sheet etc. To requirements for conducting the study are: Significant measurement equipments (Stethoscope, Sphygmomanometer). Consent letters for the researcher. Information and explanation chart for the participants to understand the research study. Guidelines for ethical issues. Questionnaire for interviewees. Comfortable location for participants to take part in oral interviews. Are they reliable and valid tools how can you establish this? These materials are valid and required tools for conducting a research survey. The validity is confirmed by scientific and ethical laws that are required for carrying out a survey and interview-based research study. Procedure What do you need to do Tablet for you to complete How will you approach potential participants? Following procedures are conducted in order: Researcher is informed about the research study. Informed consent is acquired from the researcher. A primary interview is conducted on the participants for information on personal and professional background. Researcher asked for answering questionnaires for figuring their personality traits. Participants are asked to answer questions on specific events which can trigger stress response. Debriefing of participants. Where will the practical research take place? Above procedures are conducted on a medical clinic so that it is available and comfortable for all. Questionnaires are allowed to be taken so that the participants can answer it at the appropriate time they require. How will you brief participants? The participants are brief using one to one communication. They are informed about the research and its significance. What standardised instructions will you use? Instructions such as full honesty and accuracy are given to the participants for the study to be successful. They are instructed to provide information about what they think and do research objectives. Group discussions are prohibited. How will you debrief your participants afterwards? Debriefing of the participants is conducted by one on one communication. After the data and results are analyzed the participants are informed about the outcomes of the experimental study. Confidentiality is maintained throughout the process. Information concerning only the particular member is disclosed to him/her. No other information is provided to the participants. How will you collect and record the data? The questionnaire data is collected as documents. Each participant is assigned a separate file. Answers are audio recorded and the records are maintained digitally. The confidentiality of the data about the measurement of the body system is done by maintaining proper security both digitally and analogically. Results What do you need to do Tablet for you to complete How will you analyse the descriptive data mean, median, mode, SD and range The data will be summarised using descriptive statistics. The mean, median mode and SD will be calculated using mathematical calculations. How will you present your data? Will you use any of the following Tables Graphs/ bar charts Data will be represented in descriptive form as well as by using table, graphs and charts. These figures will be then described and their significance will be explained. What will be the level of data collected and why? Nominal ordinal, interval or ratio The level of data will be of four levels so that the results are statistically significant. Which statistical test would you intend to use and why? Chi-squared T-test etc. To verify the significance of the study a statistical hypothesis test will be performed to see whether the hypothesis of the study is true or false for a population. Time Frame Area of research paper Time taken Background Research (studying the related books and journals to comprehend the concepts and theories related to the research topic) 10-15 days Writing introduction and references (correlation and compilation and writing the information gathered) 5-7days Preparing Methodology (to chalk down the requirements of the research) 30-35 days Data collection 50-60 days Collating and analysis (the analysis and conducting tests and representation the data) 18-22 days Completion of discussion (discussion of the analysis and results of research) 3-6 days Conclusion and abstract the conclusion of the process and results of the research) 5-8 days Reference List Edwards, J.R., Baglioni Jr, A.J. and Cooper, C.L., 2013. Examining the Relationships among Self-Report Measures of the Type A Behavior Pattern: The Effects of Dimensionality, Measurement Error, and Differences in Underlying Constructs. InFrom Stress to Wellbeing Volume 1(pp. 407-437). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Saklofske, D.H., Austin, E.J., Mastoras, S.M., Beaton, L. and Osborne, S.E., 2012. Relationships of personality, affect, emotional intelligence and coping with student stress and academic success: Different patterns of association for stress and success.Learning and Individual Differences,22(2), pp.251-257. Sittig, D.F., Hazlehurst, B.L., Brown, J., Murphy, S., Rosenman, M., Tarczy-Hornoch, P. and Wilcox, A.B., 2012. A survey of informatics platforms that enable distributed comparative effectiveness research using multi-institutional heterogeneous clinical data.Medical care,50(Suppl), p.S49. Yin, R.K., 2013.Case study research: Design and methods. Sage publications. Bibliography Bazzano, L., Pollock, B., Chen, W. and Harville, E., 2016, February. Associations Between Hunter Type A/B Personality Traits And Cardiovascular Risk Factors From Childhood To Young Adulthood. InJournal Of Investigative Medicine(Vol. 64, No. 2, Pp. 489-490). British Med Assoc House, Tavistock Square, London Wc1h 9jr, England: Bmj Publishing Group. Chida, Y., 2013. Heart Disease and Type A Behavior. InEncyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine(pp. 948-950). Springer New York. Crestani, C.C., 2016. Adolescent vulnerability to cardiovascular consequences of chronic emotional stress: Review and perspectives for future research.Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews. Gertman, D.I., Haney, L.N. and Jenkins, J.P., 2014, June. Operator Decision Making Under Stress. InAnalysis, Design Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems: Proceedings of the 2nd IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IEA Conference, Verese, Italy, 10-12 September 1985(p. 105). Elsevier. Lv, Q., Jia, Y., Zhang, X.F., Zhang, X.B., Pan, L.D. and Shao, Y.L., 2016. Relationship of A-type personality to drug-eluting in-stent restenosis in coronary heart diseases patients received percutaneous coronary artery interventional therapy.Int J Clin Exp Med,9(2), pp.4101-4106. Siegman, A.W. and Dembroski, T.M. eds., 2013.In search of coronary-prone behavior: Beyond Type A. Psychology Press.

The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison Essay Example

The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison Paper Jeffrey Reiman, author of The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison, first published his book in 1979; it is now in its sixth edition, and he has continued to revise it as he keeps up on criminal justice statistics and other trends in the system. Reiman originally wrote his book after teaching for seven years at the School of Justice (formerly the Center for the Administration of Justice), which is a multidisciplinary, criminal justice education program at American University in Washington, D. C. He drew heavily from what he had learned from his colleagues at that university. Reiman is the William Fraser McDowell Professor of Philosophy at American University, where he has taught since 1970. He has written numerous books on political philosophy, criminology, and sociology. Reiman states his thesis in the Introduction. He claims that the goal of the American criminal justice system is not to eliminate crime—or even to achieve justice—but to project to the people an image of the idea that the threat of crime eminates from the poor. The system must maintain a large population of poor criminals, and to this end, it must not reduce or eliminate the crimes that poor people commit. When crime declines, it is not because of our criminal justice policies, but in spite of them. In testing this idea, Reiman had his students construct a correctional system that would maintain a stable and visible group of criminals, rather than eliminating or reducing crime, and they suggested the following: enact laws against drug abuse, prostitution, and gambling; ive police, prosecutors, and judges broad discretion in deciding who gets arrested, charged, and sentenced to prison; make the prison experience demeaning; do not train prisoners for jobs after release; deprive offenders of certain rights for the rest of their lives. The system that emerges is what we have today. In the chapter, Crime Control in America, Reiman suggests that the system has been designed to fail. Imprisoning drug offenders, for instance, does nothing to reduce the number of drug offenders in society because they are immediately replaced. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The decline in violent crime is more attributable to demographic changes than to enforcement efforts. Most of the decline in crime results from forces beyond the control of the criminal justice systems. Reiman also feels that we could reduce crime if we wanted to do so, and that our excuses are not really answers to the problem, but merely excuses to explain why the system fails. We know the causes of crime—poverty, prison, and drugs—yet we do nothing to change how these things operate, such as banning guns and decriminalizing drugs. In the chapter, A Crime by Any Other Name . . . Reiman considers how language is used to identify some actions, and he argues that such things as workplace-related deaths that could be prevented should be considered crimes, as well. As far as the criminal justice system is concerned, the face of crime is young, male, poor, and black. Reiman believes that the criminal justice system helps create this reality, projecting a particular image o f crime and hiding the larger reality of social injustice and even white-collar crime. They identify crime as a direct, personal assault and ignore many other damages caused by carelessness and greed of a different order. Reiman details threats from the workplace, the health care system, the use of chemicals by various companies, and poverty itself, none of which are considered crimes. Reiman feels that the criminal justice system distorts the image of what truly threatens society. In the chapter, . . . And the Poor Get Prison, Reiman points out what many have noted—that the offender in prison is most likely someone from one of the lowest social and economic groups in the nation. The poor are more likely to be arrested for a particular crime, while wealthier people are merely warned. Reiman uses evidence of the differential treatment of blacks for several reasons: 1) blacks are disproportionately poor; 2) the factors that are most likely to keep an offender out of prison do not apply to poor blacks; 3) blacks and whites in prison come from the same general socio-economic status; 4) race adds to the effects of economic condition; and 5) the economic powers in America could end or reduce racist bias in the criminal justice system if they wanted to do so. Reiman believes they see it as to their economic advantage not to curb crime. He inds that police, prosecutors, and judges all make certain that the poor are more likely to go to prison than the well-to-do. This should not be the case, given that white-collar crime is costly, widespread, and rarely punished. Even when arrested and convicted, white-collar criminals do not do the same amount of time as the poor, and do not go to the same prisons. In his chapter, To the Vanquished Belong the Spoils, Reiman considers w hy the criminal justice system is failing and finds that it is not an accident, but rather an intentional action by the rich and powerful to keep the system operating as it is. He does not say this is a conspiracy and offers reasons why a conspiracy theory does not explain what has happened. The poor are more likely to be victims, as well, and they lack the money or power to change the system in any way. On the other hand, those who are in a position to change the system are not in enough jeopardy to initiate change. The criminal justice system is extremely visible in American society and popular culture, and there is an ideology of criminal justice that is implicit, concentrating on individual wrong-doers and directing our attention away from social institutions and their actions. This distorts the nature and reality of the problem facing society. Because there is an association between crime and poverty in the popular mind, there is also a bias against the poor. In the concluding chapter, Reiman considers what he calls the Crime of Justice, or the crime society is perpetrating against the poor and powerless by allowing the system to continue as structured, and, in effect, create crime rather than reducing it. The goals of protecting society and promoting justice are both ill-served under the current system. Taken as a whole, Reimans book puts forth a solid argument that the system does not serve the public as presently constituted, and the proof is not merely in growing or diminishing crime rates, but in incorporating a broader concept of social justice into the system itself. Certain specific actions might be taken, such as decriminalizing drugs or reducing the number of guns in circulation, but clearly each of these ideas has massive opposition waiting to stop any such effort. Reimans concept of social justice is more n keeping with sociological theories that find systemic reasons for crime, which is quite different from the prevailing individual actor theories that are so embedded in the system. Reiman is less convincing in the way he describes the system as intentionally bias, for he makes it sound as if it were an organized conspiracy. That is simply not the case. The book is provocative and has many good ideas, including a thorough analysis of the current criminal justice system a nd how that system may b changed to better represent, serve, and protect ALL Americans.