Montana 1948

Practise Essay Montana 1948 â€Å"Don’t blame Montana! † He said, â€Å"Don’t ever blame Montana! † Who is to blame for the events of 1948? Discuss Montana 1948, by Larry Watson is novel set in American mid-west that raises a question who was to blame for the tragic events that occurred that summer. David Hayden the narrator of Montana re-collects powerful information that uphold his father Wesley Hayden losing control of himself and his emotion to his daughter-in-law due to the fact, she commented it was the â€Å"wild west† who was to blame.It became vibrant to the reader, that in response to Wesley’s actions that Montana was truly important to him and he would not accept anyone that held Montana responsible from the events the occurred within the summer of 1948. By clearly stating that Montana was not to blame, Sheriff Hayden means that it was the whites in Montana as well as his family and himself who were held responsible from the events that arose within the summer of 1948. The whole white population within Mercer County were partly responsible for the terrible events of Montana 1948.The social environment was one that favoured the white people’s value and discriminated against the Indians. The Indian’s lived away from the whites in little reservations allowing the Indians to have little or no contact with the white people. This had already proved the racial treatment within Montana. Furthermore Ollie Young Bear was an Indian but he was accepted from the whites because he lived as white. He was successful through every aspects of life and married a white woman. But the Indians, on the other hand had regard believing that Ollie young bear wouldn’t â€Å"be happy until he was white. The white societies within Montana were all well aware of the crimes committed by Frank against the Indians. When Wesley and Gail were to take action on the claims made by Marie about Frank’s wrongdoings, Dav id heard a remark made by Daisy McAuley saying â€Å"Just the squaws though. † Daisy comment showed a racial statement about Indian women. It appeared that Daisy was justifying against Franks actions, because in her eyes Indian women were worthless and deserved the way they were being treated.After the conversation between Gail and Daisy, Gail informed Wesley that it was â€Å"around town more than you realize. † Gail’s statement proved that a lot of the citizens within Montana knew of Franks activities but choose to â€Å"look away† just like Len, Deputy Sheriff chose to do. It was the racial treatment of the white people that overlooked Frank’s actions which led them responsible for what occurred within the summer of 1948. Julian Hayden is the head of the family and holds great power within his family and the community.Therefore Wes has a boundless deal of obedience and loyalty towards him. When Gail informs Wes of Frank’s actions, Wesâ₠¬â„¢ first response was â€Å"I don’t want this getting back to my father. † This showed how important it was to Wes, that his father doesn’t not get upset. However, it turned out Julian already was well aware of his favourite son’s wrongdoing but took it as a joke by stating â€Å"I wouldn’t be surprised if there weren’t some young ones out on the reservation who look a lot like your brother. Julian chose to side with Frank, as he thought very little of the Indians as he considered them to have lower status compared to the whites. Julian challenged Wes’ arrest of his brother by saying â€Å"Some Indian thinks he put his hands where he shouldn’t and you’re pulling out your badge? † Furthermore Frank also holds some responsibility to what happened in Montana. He abused his power as a doctor which led him to murder Marie Little Soldier and eventually commit suicide.Frank’s status in the community was that he was a genuine war hero and a doctor but sadly, he misused his status by molesting Indian girls and in some cases raping innocent women during private medical sessions. Frank was smart, because he knew no one would comfort him for his action because of the reputation of his family name and by the fact he had power. When he went to examine Marie at Wesley’s house, he made an assumption about Indian and how â€Å"they are used to being treated by the medicine man. But a doctor comes around and they think he’s the evil spirit. Throughout the novel, Wes makes a deal with Frank for him to stop what his doing and he wouldn’t press charges, but when Frank murdered Marie just to ‘get rid’ of his past and all the evidence, Wes doesn’t hesitate to arrest his brother. Thus, Julian and Frank hold a countless obligation to the events that occurred within the summer of 1948. Finally, the keepers of the law, Sheriff Wesley Hayden and his deputy Len McAuley must hold responsibility for what events went wrong during the summer on 1948. As sheriff, Wes had a duty to ensure the law was being upheld equally for both races.He failed to do this for a long time, first by denying his brother’s offences â€Å"I’m sure he does things to all his patients† and later by denying his arrest, â€Å"he’ll have to meet punishment in the hereafter. I won’t do anything to arrange it in this life. † Due to his lack of responsibility it led to the heartbreaking death of Marie and David’s entry fee of having to see his Uncle Frank at their house on the day of her death, this impacted Wesley to act upon his brother Frank. As a result of Wes arresting Frank, it causes further complications within the family.Julian responded by trying to free Frank by using violence and then Frank taking his life. Wesley finally realized that postponing justice from an earlier stage of the events had himself in some contribution to the tragic deaths of Marie and Frank. It was Wes himself, who failed to uphold the law, had failed Marie and all the Indian women; therefore he must be blamed for the tragedy, not Montana itself. However, Len failed to uphold his role as Deputy Sheriff, which acted upon his role in the tragedy.He obligated the Hayden’s, it was them that gave him his position as deputy â€Å"I have this job. Deputy Sheriff, which I owe to your granddad and your dad†, therefore he believed in â€Å"knowing when to look and when to look away. † Therefore, Len was both powerless and unwilling to challenge Wes’s inactions. Together, both these representatives of the law hold a responsibility to the events which occurred within Montana 1948. Montana 1948 clearly states that the events that occurred within the summer could not be blamed on the state itself.The Hayden was part of a culture that distinguished against the Indian people and overlooked crimes against these people . Due to the racism treatment the Indians coped from the white people it led Frank to get away with his corruptions. It seemed that the power, wealth and influence the Hayden had within the community was much more important than the rights of the Indians to receive justice and respect. Julian and Frank also take part of the blame due to them taking benefit of the power they had.In delaying justice for so long in order to protect his family, Wesley found himself denying justice towards the Indians and having obligation in the deaths of Marie and Frank. Wesley obviously admits that Montana shouldn’t be blamed for the events the occurred within the summer of 1948, when he attacks his daughter-in-law by defending a topic that meant a lot to him. He indicates that the white citizens that lived in Montana at the time, his family and he himself were the ones who were to blame for the tragic events that occurred within Montana 1948.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay

Frederick Douglass’ Narrative the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself, was first published in 1845 when author was approximately twenty-eight years old, the autobiography was widely circulated and critically acclaimed by his contemporaries. Remarkable for its vivid descriptions, clarity of tone, and powerful rhetoric, Douglass’ narrative details the deplorable conditions suffered by slaves and dispels prevailing myths about slavery (myths that sanitized its evils and that implied that slaves themselves were better off under its rule). Douglass boldly includes the exact names and locations of the persons and events he reproves. Most poignantly, he paints a vivid picture of the emotional and spiritual life of an individual slave, revealing his raw frustrations, intense inner yearnings, fears, and aspirations, making him a kind of â€Å"everyman† with whom sympathetic readers could easily identify. The first eight Books detail Douglass’ life on the Wye plantation and in Baltimore, his awakening of consciousness and broadening perception of a wider world. Books Nine and Ten show Douglass in a state of transition, undergoing a metamorphosis of sorts, whereby a â€Å"slave becomes a man†. It is only in the final book, Eleven, that we learn of Douglass’ determination to escape and his arrival in New York, and Massachusetts. (Out of concern for Douglass’ welfare, and for the welfare of slaves still aspiring to escape, neither the route of his journey nor his means of transport is described). Reading the text within the context of the Hero Quest theme, Douglass is regarded as a man on a journey of self discovery, one who develops, along the way, a thirst for social justice and learns to view with a critical eye reigning institutions and ideologies. Douglass entitles his narrative Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself. He emphasizes the narrative or account of his life rather than the adventures, thereby elevating the narrative from a mere â€Å"interesting† story to an instructive, conscientious construction and reconstruction of his life.   His title introduces the idea of literacy as an inherent and organic part of his experiences and identity. This bridge, indicated by the comma, intensifies the noun and pivotally designates his narrative as an authorized act, one by which he constructs an identity based on a systematic structuring of details that ultimately leads to the transformation of the man. Douglass sets a paradigm for objectifying his subjective experience by rendering an eyewitness account of slavery that typifies that of most American slaves. Hence, he posits a titular argument to prepare his audience for its (the title’s) inherent claim: he, Frederick Douglass, was a man who was made a slave. Douglass’ Narrative can be examined in light of both its historical and personal contexts. Together, Douglass’ immediate, individual situation, the setting into which he was born, his family and pivotal relationships, his inward struggles and aspirations as well as the wider social and political landscape against which his journey unfolds. In early years he was a slave on a large plantation in Talbot County, Maryland where he lived separate from his family and suffered greatly from hunger and cold. Douglass begins his narrative with riveting details but relies primarily on memory or capitalizes on the lack thereof to prove an argument rather than recapitulate a tale. His descriptions are structured to counter his audience’s stereotypical, inaccurate views. Therefore, he begins with specific details of the geographical location of his birthplace. Born Frederick Augustus Bailey in February 1814, in Tuckahoe, Maryland (he changed his name to Frederick Douglass after his escape to the North), he was the son of Harriet Bailey, daughter of Isaac Bailey, a free man, and Betsy Bailey, the slave of Aaron Anthony. Speaking of his birth and parentage in his first autobiography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845), Douglass says, I have no accurate knowledge of my age never having seen any authentic record containing it. By far the larger part of the slaves know as little of their ages as horses know of theirs, and it is the wish of most masters within my knowledge to keep their slaves thus ignorant. I do not remember to have ever met a slave who could tell his birthday. They seldom come nearer to it than planting- time, harvest-time, cherry-time, spring-time, or fall-time. A want of information concerning my own was a source of unhappiness to me even during childhood. The white children could tell their ages. I could not tell why I ought to be deprived of the same privilege . . . (13) This statement is followed by descriptions of customs on Maryland’s Eastern Shore. He also includes a description of Captain Anthony’s homestead and Colonel Lloyd’s, plantation to foreground claims that slave masters lived in opulence while their slaves lived in abject poverty. After providing verifiable places and incidents, Douglass substantiates his general claims, an effective strategy that relegates the condition of the slave to circumstances that deny him the â€Å"tools† that would logically empower any human being and which are the inherent rights of the dominant culture. Hence, he uses specifics to makes his subjective experience typical and subsequently ascribes it to slaves generally as well as to himself. Douglass’ account, is inclusive instead of exclusive. Douglass also recognizes familial relationships as cultural determinants of identity. Therefore, he posits the lack of knowledge regarding his parentage as a deterrent for healthy socialization. Although he knows his mother’s name and remembers seeing her a few times, they do not have a mother-child relationship, nor does he know his father. Douglass reports: My mother was named Harriet Bailey. She was the Daughter of Isaac and Betsey Bailey, both colored, and quite dark. My mother was of a darker complexion than either my grandmother or grandfather. My father was a white man. He was admitted to be such by all I ever heard speak of my parentage. The opinion was also whispered that my master was my father†¦. (Narrative 13) Initially, it might be assumed that his mother’s absence and then-lack of intimacy do not affect him during the formative years of his life while he lived with his grandparents, who provided emotional and physical support. In fact, he summarily says, â€Å"I never saw my mother, to know her as such, more than four or five times in my life; and each of these times was very short in duration, and at night† (13-14). In this case, Douglass’ silences only distance him from the text and his mother, thereby objectifying both and intensifying the gravity of the particular performance act in the mother/son relationship, a normative construct within the culture but an anomaly within the slave culture. Although she traveled over twelve miles a night from Mr. Steward’s farm, the place of her employment, risking physical punishment just to spend a few moments with her son, young Douglass was not aware, or chose not to acknowledge, the gravity of her sacrifice, at least not in this narrative. When she died after a short illness, Douglass’ unemotional response is anticipated: â€Å"Never having enjoyed, to any considerable extent, her soothing presence, her tender and watchful care, I received the tidings of her death with much the same emotions I should have probably felt at the death of a stranger† (14), for it is consistent with his argument, which negates the concept of a slave family and its lineage. The mystery that surrounded his parentage haunted him throughout his life and figured prominently in his identity quest. Not knowing his father’s identity or his birthday proved to be a major source of anxiety, for he continuously stressed the importance of knowing one’s birth date and tried to provide an estimation of his age, another determinant of his identity. Douglass says, â€Å"The nearest estimate I can give makes me now between twenty-seven and twenty-eight years of age. I come to this, from hearing my master say, some time during 1835, I was about seventeen years old† (13). In Narrative, Douglass estimates that he is 27 or 28 years old in 1845, and he extends this description and uses this tenuous information as a basis for attacking slavery’s destruction of the family and its perpetuation of ignorance: I know nothing; the means of knowing were withheld from me. My mother and I were separated when I was but an infant—before I knew her as my mother. It is a common custom, in the part of Maryland from which I ran away, to part children from their mothers at a very early age. Frequently, before the child has reached its twelfth month, its mother is taken from it, and hired out on some farm a considerable distance off, and the child is placed under the care of an old woman, too old for field labor. For what this separation is done, I do not know, unless it be to hinder the development of the child’s affection toward its mother, and to destroy the natural affection of the mother for the child. This is the inevitable result. (13-14) This lengthy quotation shows how Douglass uses the assessment of his age, although inaccurate, and the description of his separation from his mother as powerful ammunition for his abolitionist rhetoric. Continuing his attack, Douglass notes the absence of familial ties among slaves and indirectly critiques slavery as a system that bolsters a racial hierarchy that obliterates the legal, unalienable rights of the slaves, placing them outside of human discourse and reducing them to property only in a system of â€Å"glaring odiousness, that slaveholders have ordained, and by law established† (14). Therefore, most women did not have husbands, and children did not know their fathers, although it was common knowledge that in many cases the masters were the fathers. Douglass suspects that he is among this unfortunate group. He concludes that slave masters were the only benefactors: â€Å"This is done too obviously to administer to their own lusts, and make a gratification of their wicked desires profitable as well as pleasurable; for by this cunning arrangement, the slaveholder, in cases not a few, sustains to his slaves the double relation of master and father† (14). Douglass takes a specific, subjective experience and generalizes about slavery. He argues that the family as an institution was nonexistent for the slave, for it was slavery’s aim to destroy the sacredness of the family, one of America’s principal institutions. This argument supports the claim that slavery not only dehumanized slaves, but it also relegated them to the position of other and disconnected them from the mores and conventions of the patriarchy. At age seven he is â€Å"providentially† sent to Baltimore to live with his owner’s son-in-law Hugh Auld. Auld’s kindly wife, Sophia, commences to teach Douglass to read but is halted by her husband who lectures her fiercely about the dangers of educating slaves, pronouncing that literacy would render them â€Å"unmanageable†, â€Å"discontented and unhappy.† Auld’s virulent reaction illuminates for Douglass the power of literacy and its key role in the social domination of one population over another. Upon this realization, Douglass, by his own wit and ingenuity, teaches himself to read, risking severe punishment by devouring in secret every text that comes his way. The Columbian Orator, an anthology of essays on social justice and democracy, especially affects him. Among the essays are Sheridan’s treatise on Catholic emancipation and a fictionalized dialogue in which a slave and his slaveholder debate the merits of slavery, the slave arguing so persuasively that his master sets him free. The Columbian Orator illuminates for Douglass fundamental tenets of human rights and propels him to a new understanding of the philosophical claims against slavery and the enormity of its evils. However, with this expanded consciousness comes new inward distress. Douglass recalls, â€Å"I could at times feel that learning to read had been a curse rather than a blessing. It had given me a view of my wretched condition, without the remedy†(84). He admits that—feeling trapped and frustrated by his inability to act—†I often found myself regretting my own existence, and wishing myself dead†(85). Still, he is propelled forward by a burgeoning sense of social justice and by a thirst to learn more about slavery and the mysterious term abolitionism. As his awareness grows, he resolves to some day run away. Realizing that he may need to forge his own pass, he sets out to learn to write-cajoling and bribing white boys to teach him, tracing letters on the prows of ships, marking fences with pieces of coal. When Douglass is fifteen, he returns to his owner’s plantation. There, Douglass’ inexperience in the fields is viewed as laziness, and he is sent for disciplinary purposes to the home of Mr. Covey, a tenant farmer renown for his cruel treatment of slaves. Under Covey, Douglass endures repeated physical abuse and incessant, grueling labor. The ordeal nearly destroys Douglass, leading him close to despair, causing him to question God’s very existence. He writes: â€Å"I was broken in body, soul, and spirit. My natural elasticity was crushed, my intellect languished, the disposition to read departed . . .† (105). He recalls standing along the shores of the Chesapeake. Seeing the ships sailing north, he felt the tremendous weight of his enslavement and prayed to God for deliverance: â€Å"The glad ship is gone; . . I am left in the hottest hell of unending slavery. God, save me! God, deliver me! Let me be free! Is there any God? Why am I a slave? I will run away. I will not stand it. Get caught, or get clear, I’ll try it†(107). This secret resolution sustains him amid the dark months with Covey, offering him a glimmer of hope. It is under Covey’s charge that Douglass experiences a pivotal, life-changing event. After suffering several fierce beatings, Douglass flees to his master but is forced to return to Covey, whereupon he is attacked with a horsewhip. Douglass recounts that â€Å"at this moment—from whence came the spirit I don’t know—I resolved to fight; and suiting my action to the resolution, I seized Covey hard by the throat; and as I did so, I rose†(l12). For hours, the two men fight. In the end, Douglass gets the better of his overseer, drawing much blood and winning an unspoken reprieve from further attacks. Douglass assents that â€Å"this battle with Mr. Covey was the turning point in my career as a slave. It rekindled the few expiring embers of freedom, and revived within me a sense of my own manhood. It recalled the departed self-confidence and inspired me again with a determination to be free† (113). The physical confrontations with Covey proved to be the turning point in Douglass’ life. After several brutal whipping, Douglass was overcome by a new sense of power and self-preservation, and assumed authority over his life. As an agent who maintained a defensive posture, which symbolized his confrontation with the dominant power, he not only changed himself, but he also redefined the source of power. Douglass resisted all Covey’s attempts to beat him, proclaiming was resolved to fight, and, what was better still, I was actually hard at it†¦ it is — was the turning point in my ‘life as a slave.’ It rekindled in my breast the smoldering embers of liberty; it brought up my Baltimore dreams, and revived a sense of my own manhood† (54). Maintaining a defensive posture, Douglass was elevated to a new plateau, and his transformation from slave to man was made complete:†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I now resolved that, however long I might remain a slave in form, the day had passed forever when I could be a slave in fact† (54).  Ã‚   The triumph in this altercation sets a precedent in the narrative tradition that parallels similar themes in early American writings.   Emotionally free to exercise his intellect and dream of his eventual emancipation, Douglass regained his self-confidence and became a viable leader in the black community where he was physically and spatially enslaved until a traitor foiled his escape plans. After his year with Covey Douglass is sent to a more humane master, where he is able, clandestinely, to teach over forty slaves to read and write. There, with a growing sense of agency, Douglass inspires several of his fellow slaves to join him in â€Å"one noble effort to be free†(122), but on the morning of their intended departure, the conspirators are discovered, beaten, and jailed. Alone in prison, Douglass anticipates that he will be sold to a plantation in the deep south, but miraculously he is sent back to Baltimore and hired out to a shipbuilder. Douglass fares better under this new arrangement: he learns caulking and is granted the autonomy to make his own contracts. Yet even so, he suffers barbs of racism and oppression: he is nearly beaten to death by white shipyard workers; he smarts at the dictate that every cent of his earnings must go to his master. Once again he plots to escape, this time deciding to go it alone, though it requires leaving behind his beloved fellow slaves. As Douglass’ narrative draws to a close, we see him arriving safely first in New York, and then in New Bedford, Massachusetts where Douglass sets up a home for himself and his bride. It is here that Douglass first reads The Liberator (â€Å"The paper became my meat and my drink. My soul was set all on fire†). He befriends William Lloyd Garrison and joins the American Anti-slavery society as a speaker on their lecture tour. Here the narrative triumphantly ends (though, as the students knew from their research, for Douglass it is only the beginning of a long life of activism). In the course of the narrative, we have seen, in Douglass, an evolution of consciousness; the hero grows increasingly aware of and implicated in larger social and political forces. His aspirations widen, his powers of agency increase as he enters directly into the course and flow of historical events. Douglass explores another crucial aspect of the culture and unveils the ignorance that permeated the slave’s life; he exposes the reality that undergirded slavery: â€Å"the white man’s power to enslave the black man† lay in the white man’s ability to keep the black man ignorant (32). Recognizing the pathway to freedom, he became resolute in seeking an education: What he most dreaded, that I most desired, what he most loved, that I most hated. That which to him was a great evil, to be carefully shunned, was to me a great good, to be diligently sought; and the argument which he so warmly urged, against my learning to read, only served to inspire me with a desire and determination to learn. (32) Douglass’ recognition of the parity of literacy and freedom is an epiphany and becomes a distinguishing mark in the development of the slave narrative. Sophia Auld adhered to her husband’s mandate and subsequently embraced his philosophy, but not without sacrificing her humanness. Douglass’ characterization of Mrs. Auld points toward other noteworthy social issues. Her actions suggest that she, like the slave is victimized by a male dominated practice that denied slaves and women educational opportunities as well as other basic freedoms. Therefore, women like Sophia who blindly obeyed their husbands were transformed by the practices of a patriarchal system. Following her husband’s precepts, her â€Å"tender heart became stone, and the lamb-like disposition gave way to one of tiger-like fierceness† as she was divested of her previously esteemed Christian qualities (34). Slavery usurped even the powerful virtues of Christianity, further confusing a skeptical child and providing commentary on religion, another cultural practice. For Douglass, however, the key to freedom was not to be found in religion or social relationships, but within literacy, an empowering, transforming agency.    Works Cited Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave. Ed. Houston A. Baker, Jr. New York: Penguin, 1986.

Laboratory Information Management Systems Research Proposal

Laboratory Information Management Systems - Research Proposal Example The use of the Bell and LaPadula Model has been successful in modeling information that is relevant to security, even though this success might be responsible for the vagueness of the model about its primitives. This vagueness can also be examined with respect to the theory that the Bell and LaPadula Model and Noninterference are equivalent. Laboratory automation makes it possible for scientists to explore data rates that otherwise may be too fast or too slow to properly examine. Therefore, an automated laboratory reduces the need for human intervention and creates a more efficient environment in which human beings and technology can interact to produce a great deal more information and accurate data that was not possible prior to automation. Its approach is to define a set of system constraints whose enforcement will prevent any application program executed on the system from compromising system security. The model includes subjects, which represent active entities in a system (such as active processes), and objects, which represent passive entities (such as files and inactive processes). Both subjects and objects have security levels, and the constraints on the system take the form of axioms that control the kinds of access subjects may have to objects.           While the complete formal statement of the Bell-LaPadula model is quite complex, the model can be briefly summarized by these two axioms stated below: The simple security rule, which states that a subject cannot read information for which it is not cleared (i.e. no read up) The property that states that a subject cannot move information from an object with a higher security classification to an object with a lower classification.              These axioms are meant to be implemented by restriction of access rights that users or processes can have to certain objects like devices and files. The concept of trusted subjects is a less frequently described part of the Bell-LaPadula model.

Water Transport Laboratory Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Water Transport Laboratory - Lab Report Example With water being carried from the root, the plant has a consistency of water so it does not die out. Variations in xylem conduit diameter can change the effectiveness of the conducting system. Even a small increase in diameter has exponential effects on hydraulic conductivity. In this experiment, it was determined how the location of where a plant grows affects the diameter of the sample. If the hypothesis does not prove to be correct, then it is expected the data to show no change in diameters, or dry land samples having a greater diameter length than wet land samples. In order to do this experiment efficiently, a method must be understood. To locate the Red Maple trees used in this lab, the lab group trekked the area near the Soccer fields for a stream with flows through the woods up towards the Hillside Dorms. From there the group collected samples from the wet and dry locations. The samples were taken from trees that were 5-8 feet off the ground. The group will collect a total of 12 different stems replicated from the wet area and 12 stem replicates from an area near the hills that reside in a dryer climate (See Fig.1). Then test statistics will be used, such as the average xylem diameter, and the results will be compared between both environmental types. In order to obtain the xylem diameters, the group needs to prepare microscope slides of a cross section of the stem. After observing the xylem, measure the xylem conduits per stem (5-10 stems from different plants). Measure 2-3 xylem conduits per sample and average for one data point. When measuring the conduits, the largest diameter and the diameter perpendicular to the line will be averaged. To obtain the hydraulic conductivity, is simple. Collect branches that will be measured and wrap in wet paper towel. Submerge the branch under water, cut a 2-4 cm segment of the stem 9with at least 2 cm pruned end of the branch) Measure step length (l).

Health Care Recruitment Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Care Recruitment - Research Paper Example Over the years, the hospital has expanded rapidly and the management board has been approving necessary resources and providing moral support to help the hospital personnel handle ever increasing number of patients. On December 3, 2010, the board approved recruitment of fifteen surgical unit nurses to address acute shortage of surgical nurses in ABC-Hospital. It is a move that is aimed at increasing the number of patients attended and fast tracking surgical procedures. Surgical nurses are charge with critical responsibility of ensuring that emotional and physical wellbeing of pre- operative and post-operative patients are well cared for and managed professionally. Failure to recruit nurses will weaken the ability of the surgery nursing unit to provide care and treatment as required. In addition, the number of people to undergo surgery will continue to decline causing a lot of backlog and suffering to the patients who need urgent surgical procedures. Following is a recruitment plan th at will enable ABC-Hospital to recruit fifteen surgical nurses. 2.0 Recruitment plan 2.1 SWOT analysis Strengths of the Surgical Unit at ABC-Hospital ABC-Hospital surgical unit is usually allocated sufficient finances to run its day to day activities. This has enabled the department to acquire state- of art surgical equipment and personnel to ensure that patients receive best health care services. The surgical unit has a fully fledged counseling unit to help surgical personnel especially the nurses to handle emotional challenges and fatigues that is caused by their work. When surgical nurses reached twenty five, the doctors will be able to increase the number of patients undergoing operation from four to over eight per day. Weaknesses of the Surgical Unit at ABC-Hospital The number of surgical nurses is ten. This is barely sufficient to meet increasing workload and high staff turnover in the surgical department. Shortage of surgical nurses is attributed to high staff turnover as a r esult of the stressful nature of the job that leave many nurses drained of energy and some decide to quit their jobs or transfer to general wards. The few available nurses are overwhelmed and cases of burnout, increasing number of absenteeism and lower staff morale has also been witnessed. This impact negatively health care delivery services to the patients. Acute shortage of surgical nurses led to reduced number of new surgical cases from an average of eight patients daily to three cases each day. Threats of the Surgical Unit at ABC-Hospital Stressful working conditions may result to increased surgical staff turnover in future. Most staff work more than forty hours stipulated in the job contract. This denies them adequate time to interact with other staff members as well as their family and friends. Globally, there is acute shortage of competent nurses. This means that it will be difficult to recruit and retain competent surgical nurses because demand for them is very high. Opportu nities of the Surgical Unit at ABC-Hospital ABC-Hospital has decided to increase the number of surgical nurses from ten to twenty five by April 31, 2011. ABC-Hospital considers its surgical unit extremely important and the board has approved staff development budget. A staff member who has worked in the hospital for more than twelve months is eligible for study leave. In addition, surgical staff members attend professional meetings at least once

Stress response Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stress response - Outline Example Stress as it is widely known and is linked to negative effects (Pond 2004). According to Braun and Anderson (2007), communication between cells is a stress response. The authors explain that a disturbance of homeostasis by harmful forces lead to stress. Additionally, stressors cause stress and can be either endogenous or exogenous. Coping with stress depends on various factors. Some of the factors that can determine ways of perceiving or coping stress are health, age, genetic factors and social support. Homeostasis reliability is a stress response. However, destruction of body tissues can occur with time in case there is an excess in response to stress. Neuroendocrine response and hormones are initiated when there is an excess to stress response. Stressors activate different patterns of response which in turn initiate different neuroendocrine pathways and neural. Stress is common to the human body because of its capability and its adaption to experience stress. Stress is regarded as negative if it persists due to challenges met by humans. Psychological impacts of stress vary depending on stressors. Study of stressors common on children or teenagers such as abuse, violence, marital problems and other stressing events in the family provide a clear view of psychological impacts of stressor. Child abuse is the most common problem in the society and has severe implications. For example, a child can view education negatively or perform poorly in school. Marital problems or divorce renders a child anti-social. The child remains depressed, anxious and less social than the peers. In adulthood stage, the child from divorced, or family with conflicts shows more stress and less friend support than a person from a family with no marital problems. Unrelieved stress causes depression, post traumatic stress disorders, panic attack conditions and drug or alc oholism addiction. Research shows that a child develops post traumatic stress disorder later in life when exposed to

Do Video games promote violence to children Research Paper - 1

Do Video games promote violence to children - Research Paper Example e in children and teenagers due to the fact that the children and teenagers are impressionable, are being subjected to negative images and concepts while playing these games, and the games condone the type of behavior and actions to the children who are viewing these concepts almost firsthand. â€Å"The greatest consequence of the effects of video games on children is that there has been a noticeable rise in violence committed by children and teenagers that play violent video games (Freedman, 2002, p. 27)†. It has long since been proven that children are very impressionable; the younger that they are, the more knowledge they absorb from the behaviors, actions, and attitudes of others, whether or not these people are real or are seen in movies, books, or video games. The actions and behaviors that children see are often be repeated by the children themselves; for example, children often learn words or phrases from hearing them from their parents so often. The more that the hear it, the more likely they are to mimic it. The concept of impressionability is quite similar to any classroom teaching method in the sense that the teacher displays something that the children repeat until they learn it entirely for themselves to achieve on their own in future practices. Unlike classroom learning, however, impressionability involves the children adapting the behavior or action of their own accord without needing prompting from someone else. They simply see someone else constantly doing a specific action or behaving in a certain way and then repeat the action. In regard to impressionability, it takes time for the action or behavior to be fully adapted by the child. The more that they see these actions taking place, the better they are able to imitate them. Furthermore, they have to constantly repeat these actions on their own to for them to feel fully satisfied in achieving them. While children may not immediately resort to murder or violence, they often imitate these crimes

War and the Threat of External Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

War and the Threat of External Violence - Essay Example For the presentation of his statement George Orwell chose the art form of social science fiction. The novel just describes a few months of Winston Smith’s life – life of an ordinary member of society, which is built on the principles of Ingsoc (English Socialism), in the fictional superpower Oceania in 1984 (future). A prototype of the future socialist society can be seen quite clear – it was the Soviet Union of the 30-40’s. The mustachioed leader, Big Brother, privileged comrades of the Inner Party, the Thought Police, great cleansings, forced labor camps, a hysterical search for internal enemies, headed by a mythical traitor Goldstein -Trotsky, gloomy atmosphere of general suspicion, squalid life – these are the familiar elements of Stalin’s dictatorship. However, the technologies and methods of society control and suppression of dissent in the book surpass the Soviet realias. Orwell developed the idea of surveillance and brainwashing with more and more sophisticated technical means to manipulate information on a large scale, as it makes impossible any appearance of unauthorized thoughts. The geographic location of the novel is Air Strip One – a huge faceless province of the totalitarian Oceania, which is the allusion of the former UK. The author shows that even the bastion of European democracy with a long tradition of political freedom, which did not surrender to foreign or domestic fascism, can turn into a giant grim prison in 35 years, if people lose their watchfulness. Now, in the atomic age, the world lives in a state of apocalyptic terror. This is the reason why people are so concerned about the motives of the Apocalypse in literature. However, not the Big Brother unleashed atomic and hydrogen apocalyptic monsters. The main problem of the modern society is that it still has not learned how to adapt its lifestyles, social and political institutions to the great achievements of the technical knowledge. We do not know how the atomic and hydrogen bombs influenced consciousness of millions of people living in the East, where pain and fear can be hidden behind the facade of official optimism. This book is an attempt of a geopolitical prognosis. The world in the novel, after World War II and a small period of peace, is engaged in a nuclear war, which started in the 50’s between the former allies. As a result, the territories of Continental Europe go to the USSR; Britain and America are horror-struck by socialist revolutions. The possibility of such a war is historically justified. The allies, members of the anti-fascist coalition had very different geopolitical interests and united only in the face of fascist aggression. Variants of the further division of the world among the great powers, after Germany’s fall, were considered by Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt as well. The military machine of the Red Army gained an unprecedented power by the end of the war and could â€Å" liberate† the whole Europe easily and only the Second Front opening forced Stalin to confine himself to the Eastern half only. The Allies, in turn, were not averse to kill the â€Å"communist contagion.† Actually, after World War II, two superpowers arouse - the USSR and the USA and by the early 50’s they had nuclear weapons and struggled for world domination. But in the real world nuclear arsenals have grown too quickly, making it impossible to win a nuclear war. Moreover, Stalin’

The Contemporary Hospitality Industry Assignment

The Contemporary Hospitality Industry - Assignment Example As illustrated by Table 1, the industry is comprised of a widely assorted variety of sectors, each with its own business model and obligation for service delivery. The hospitality industry is very competitive, with many new market entrants entering worldwide and domestic markets regularly, which provide risks to maintaining a positive image with very diverse consumer segments. The only significant competitive advantage that a hospitality business maintains in the face of rising competition is developing a unique differentiation that can be sustainable. Competitors in this industry can often replicate existing service and product delivery models, therefore a business requires having a solid and differentiated brand in order to gain consumer loyalty and sustain competitive advantage. Marketers agree that building a differentiated brand image is of high strategic importance in this industry as it makes competing companies less vulnerable to recurring marketing competitiveness which is s o dominant in this industry structure (Gounaris and Vlasis 2004). To successfully compete in an environment where switching costs for consumers, according to Michael Porter (1998) is a competitive risk, it is necessary for organisations operating in this industry to outperform rivals with innovative service delivery models and technologies. Businesses operating competitively in this industry must also be considerate of pricing structures, as some environments and sectors work regularly with price-sensitive consumers. For example, conducting strategic-level environmental analyses of other businesses in the region (such as restaurants and hotels) is necessary to establish competitive pricing structures. With the aforementioned ability of companies to replicate existing food offerings, hotel amenities, and other service-related models, pricing might be one of the most competitive strategies facing businesses with high levels of competition. Price is often the most priority method by which consumers judge the quality of service and is one of the most prevalent methods by which companies promote their businesses (Dawes 2004).

Liberty today Essay Example for Free

Liberty today Essay The common notion of liberty today has been linked to the connotation of being free – freedom from dictators telling what the people should do and should not do, freedom from responsibilities, and alleviation of any restrictions we are suffering before. Liberty has always been related to the mitigation of certain laws and restrictions that bind us to do things that we desire. This is exists either as punishment or as a responsibility. Some perceptions of liberty are those which enable us to do something, or give us access to certain things that we were not able to access before. This is a manifestation of how varied people’s views of liberty are, wherein this also created a delineation of liberty, as either positive, or the â€Å"freedom to † and negative liberty which is about being â€Å"free from†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This various meanings arise depending on the situation or timeline one lives in. Therefore, the meaning of liberty has been twisted and redefined over the course of history, making it a term directly associated with freedom. Liberty for some is a description of oneness, of a singular thing or object, wherein there exists one state of being. It is an interpersonal, social idea wherein it arose from the people’s need to communicate. Liberty means being treated as a fellow person by another man, not just his servant or worker. This acknowledgement means that the person is being treated as an equal, not as anyone higher or lower that you are. Liberty doesn’t mean you are moving away from a certain group, but looking closely, liberty is a feature of connection, not of isolation or exclusion. Liberty doesn’t entail isolating oneself from the others, but rather being able to connect with various people, like socializing and promoting interpersonal relationships from various people. So whether you isolate yourself, you are depriving yourself your liberty. Liberty has solicited a lot of different meanings, and there is no proof on which meaning is true or not. There are no clear definitions that tell what liberty means, and that it doesn’t necessarily imply that liberty means being free from people, from the laws they set which binds us, or whatever the consequences our actions bring on other people. The certain instance when liberty becomes meaningful is when we are free with people, wherein we are able to do anything that we desire freely. But doing this still has a limitation. Our freedom stops when we are overlapping or stepping on some other’s freedom. That is the time when liberty makes sense, when we know our limitations, when we know that a certain level of exercising our freedom would intervene somebody else liberty, not unless our actions could re-enforce other people’s liberty. But the sad reality of liberty is that it only exists on people of the same footing, between equal human beings. In the case of inequality, it introduces a hierarchal position, thus putting a man above another man, thus implying superiority over the other. Inequality leads to slavery and other forms of undermining other people. That is why liberty only exists or is exercised freely in a society of equals. Before, back when people are engaged in slave trade, the notion of liberty was being able to alleviate yourself from the bounds of your master, since you are a servant, you are expected to serve him. Since slavery at that time were literally robbing other ethnic societies of their people (eg. Slave trade in Africa,) they are being transported to other parts of the world, primarily in the western side, the Europeans. They are alienated from their own homes, forced to work in the lands of the white people, and their notion of liberty was going back to the lives they ones had, back in their homeland, where they lived freely, away from the bonds that these white people have imposed on them. Liberty at that time was an aspiration for the slaves, for slavery was the great oppressing force at that time. After slavery came the wars. People from other nations were moving to conquer other lands, extending their influence, showing the world the power they possess. After colonizing, their colonies were subjected to foreign rule, laws wherein they are not accustomed to, and these are being imposed to them strictly, whether they like it or not. At this point of time, Liberty is more of about freedom from the influence of other ideologies or customaries. When people are imposing something, like a certain rule or law to other people, it is a manifestation of their subjugation, thus trampling down the Liberty that exists for the people in the country that they have conquered. Liberty has been the cause of wars, of uprisings from these colonies, in order to fight for what they believe is right. Another instance was in the times of civil war, when people desired liberty from the harsh rules or unpleasant dispositions of their current leader. This causes people to form groups or factions and do undesirable things. These uprisings are said to be fighting for liberty, which in this case was being autonomous from the grasps of a cruel leader. Looking closely, the aspect of liberty in these situations was of a larger scale as compared to that of slavery. Slavery’s focus was alleviating your personal situation as a slave, or the liberty from the bonds of a master and slave. While these wars and uprisings is liberty on a larger scale on a national level wherein you wish to liberate the whole country or region itself from the bonds it has on the parent or colonizing country, wherein you demand for a better quality of life, no that of which you have now. In our present situation, we are also experiencing a certain liberty. Liberty now is expressed as freedom – freedom to do whatever you want, depending on your rights as a human being, provided that you don’t step on the rights of other people. Liberty now has different forms, depending on the person addressing it. It could include the way you dress, the way you speak, how you look, your choice of religion, and so much more. It is a clear manifestation that what was being fought for before was now achieved, yet liberty is still being used, but in a different context. Liberty now express freedom of the person, or even a institution, like for example, the journalists are free to write about topics which they deem essential for the people to hear or see, which is simply the freedom of the press. Liberty means exercising these things to the fullest, and not doing so means you are being treated unfairly. Prostitution as the Oldest Occupation The emergence of prostitution could be traced back in the 1800’s in the Victorian Era, at the time of strict morality and repulsion of anything that deviates from social norm. It generally elicited a negative impression from the people, condemning the act of using one’s body to earn a living. The people which are most affected by this negative outlook are the women involved in prostitution. They are looked down as man-sucking vampires, seducing them with their bodies in order to earn money (Ruggiero). But in reality, these women maybe the ones oppressed the ones who are victimized by the harsh conditions of the society especially in the Victorian Era. Their turn on prostitution may be the outcome of man’s desire to keep the women oppressed: a manifestation of women being marginalized and discriminated. Women before were considered to be inferior to men, usually seen as dependent on their male counterparts. Sex has been a way to satisfy these men, and that is one of the very few uses of women at that time. Thus, when there is a time of great need, the women would often resort to selling their bodies to the males who are very willing to pay for their services. This opens the opportunity for sex as an income-generating medium for these women. Economic poverty has been one of the main factors that drive a woman to prostitution. This happens when they were at the edge, burdened by the problem of making the ends meet. Poverty is evident in the society not only today but even in the classical times. People really have to work their bodies out in order to earn money so that they will have food on their plates. A person owning a piece of land and a small vegetable plot is lucky if he’ll be able to feed his family three meals a day. What about those who doesn’t own anything? How will they be able to support themselves if they don’t have a source of income to be able to buy the foods for their everyday life? Will they choose to live a life of a thief and be contended with taking away what they don’t own? But considering that their body could be used in order to earn money, would they still resort to a life of crime? These questions are the ones at play when we talk about justifying prostitution as a profession, a career where you earn a living. Morality and Prostitution There are two opposing ideas when it comes to the concept of morality. The first can be classified as the moralist perspective, when the society associates shame and disgust with this act. They consider the fundamental ideas of a society, wherein sex is should be between two persons that are married, and that it should elicit a feeling of love. Another point of view is the libertarian, wherein prostitution is not associated with morality. It is considered as a willing buyer-willing seller interaction, wherein there I something between two people, and they both consent to it. It is a crime without a victim, if ever the law criminalizes it. Obligations and Prostitution People have the obligation to guard the people’s safety and welfare. This means that they are concerned with the wellness of every member of the society that’s why they wouldn’t permit anything that could be negative be associated with the people and the society. They are held accountable for any of the acts that could be very detrimental to the society, and some would say that these factors include prostitution. That is why there are those who would rather suppress prostitution than permit it, even though there are other issues with the people, like poverty and illiteracy. The people’s obligation is to watch the safety and well being of the society that is why prostitution should be removed. But this takes into consideration the wellness of those who rely solely in prostitution in order to support their lives. If we take away or criminalize prostitution, what would just happen to those who are relying on what they earn in order to live, or even to support a large family. Consequences Prostitution entails a great deal of consequences, starting with the people who are involved with this concern and also their family. Prostitution delineates the person from others as something â€Å"dirty,† or sinful at that. Because of this, a person’s (especially women’s) way of life can be affected. The people may have a different outlook when they came to know you better, but that is not readily accepted by the society. Homosexuality The word homosexual is used to describe the sexual orientation of men and women who find their primary emotional and sexual fulfillment with people of the same sex (Davies Janosik, 1991). Homosexuality is only an aspect of personality, as is heterosexuality. According to Davies Janosik (1991), identifying people solely by their choice of sex partners tends to belittle them; it conveys the impression that homosexuals’ only interest is in sex. They added that other aspects of an individual’s personality tend to be ignored when sexual labels are applied, so such labels should be used carefully and with the understanding that the only basic difference between heterosexual and homosexual is in their preference of sexual partners. According to Davies Janosik (1991), â€Å"our culture’s negative attitude toward homosexuality has been strongly influenced by religious teachings that hold homosexuality to be sinful and by psychoanalytical theory, which has traditionally held that homosexuality is an emotional disorder caused by psychosexual development†. Most of the people have their own religions and because of this almost everyone views homosexuality as negative and is linked to committing a sin. As Davies Janosik quoted, â€Å"homosexuality can be attributed to an unresolved masochistic attachment to the pre-oedipal mother, a distant relationship with the father, a defense against castration anxiety, or immature ego. The Origins of Sexual Orientation Diversity According to Money et. al (2005), one of the prevailing questions raised regarding sexual orientation centers on its origin or cause; questions about the causes of sexual orientation are typically concerned with the origins of homosexuality and bisexuality. Because heterosexuality is considered normative and natural causes of heterosexuality are rarely considered. Much of the biomedical and psychological research on sexual orientation attempts to identify one or more causes of sexual orientation diversity. The driving question behind this research is, is sexual orientation inborn? Or is it learned or acquired from environmental influences? While a number of factors have been correlated with sexual orientation, including genetic factors, gender role behavior in childhood, and fraternal birth order, there is no single theory that can explain diversity in sexual orientation (qtd.in Money et. al, 2005). Reference: Ruggiero, Vincent. Thinking Critically About Ethical Issues. Sixth Edition ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages, 2003. Blasius, M. Phelan, S. A. (1997). We are Everywhere: A Historical Sourcebook of Gay and Lesbian Politics. New York: Routledge. Davies, J. L. Janosik, E. H. (1991). Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing: A Caring Approach. New York: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Glesne, D. N. (2005). Understanding Homosexuality: Perspective for the Living Church. New York: Kirk House Publishers. Koertge, N. (1981). The Nature and Causes of Homosexuality: A Philosophic and Scientific Inquiry. New York: Haworth Press. Money, L. A. , Knox, D. Schacht, C. (2005). Understanding Social Problems. New York: Thomson Wadsworth. Stewart, C. (2003). Gay and Lesbian Issues: A Reference Handbook. New York: ABC CLIO. Winer, J. A. (2006). The Annual of Psychoanalysis: Rethinking Psychoanalysis and Homosexuality V. 30. New York: Routledge. Brayton, Ed. Olson and the Meaning of Liberty. 2006. April 2008. http://positiveliberty. com/2006/07/olson-and-the-meaning-of-liberty. html. Derounian-Stodola, Kathryn Zabelle. Womens Indian Captivity Narratives. Penguin Group USA, 1998. Giollamoir, Oisin Mac. Liberty. 2005. April 2008. http://struggle. ws/wsm/ws/2005/85/liberty. html. Roberts, Dorothy. Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty: Building a Social Justice Vision of Reproductive Freedom. 2001. April 2008. http://www. othmerinstitute. org/reports/report1. html.

Gojira 1954 And Godzilla 1998 Film Studies Essay

Gojira 1954 And Godzilla 1998 Film Studies Essay Humans have been around for thousands of years. Today, many movies have been created based on stories and legends of influential people and life-changing events that were recorded in history. Inspiration for the 1954 film Gojira came about as a result of World War Two during the twentieth century. The devastation brought on Japan by the two nuclear bombs had inevitably raised a wide spread awareness about nuclear weapons and its radioactive destruction (Ragone 2007). Both, Gojiras and Godzillas creation were linked to the nuclear bomb. With reference to the 1998 film Godzilla, it can be seen that the creation of the terrible lizard was linked to French nuclear weapons testing in the French Polynesia. Similarly in the Japanese context, Gojira was shown to be linked not only to the atomic bombs, but the hydrogen ones as well. With the devastation of the two atomic bombs still fresh in the Japanese minds, further H-bomb tests were carried out near Japan and eventually, the radiation fallout directly impacted on the Japanese fishing industry, causing a sharp decline. With all these tragic events occurring within a short span of time, Gojira was concocted out as an incarnation of the war itself (Ragone 2007 pg. 35) as the producers wanted a real-world scenario that reflected the Japanese concerns that time. In order to effectively protray the nature of destruction caused in the films Gojira and Godzilla, visual effects became increasingly important as it was necessary to provide an acceptable level of realism for audiences who will be watching the film. Therefore, this led to the development and creation of different visual effect techniques. Then with the advancements in technology, some older techniques were modified and re-developed accordingly. In this investigation, it will bring to light the common, yet contrasting comparisons of filmmaking between the analogue and digital eras. 2| Scene Selection | I will be comparing two parallel special effects sequences in both Gojira and Godzilla. A breakdown of this complex scene will be accompanied with a description of its technical aspects in laymans terms. The scenes involve the two animals going on a rampage through a major city at night causing massive damages. It also includes military forces trying to eliminate the creature. These two scenes were specifically chosen as I will like to highlight the core visual effects elements that can be found throughout the films. 3| The Character| It was called Gojira, but was later known as Godzilla for the American audiences. (Godzilla, King of the Monsters 1998) In the 1954 Gojira, visual effects director Eiji Tsuburaya pioneered a technique called Suit-mation. The main reason for the introduction of Suit-mation was because of the need to complete the job within a short timespan (Ragone 2007). If stop-motion technique was used, it would have taken them seven years to complete the film. The suit was constructed mainly from hand-stirred latex and then refined subsequently. Even after refinements, the suit could only be worn for several minutes due to the unbearable heat and almost non-existent ventilation within. Due to its flexibility limitations and tremendous weight, the first suit was scrapped as the actor inside could not even move. In certain scenes where only the legs of Gojira were filmed, the suit was cut into two and attached to suspenders, allowing the actor to be more comfortable while filming (Godzilla, Designing Godzilla featurette 2005). Figure |Man in halved Gojira suit Development on analogue visual effect techniques can be seen clearly in the 1998 Godzilla, when Tsuburayas technique of Suitmation was used. Trained professional puppeteers were hired for shots that needed more physical realism with the miniatures that they were interacting with. Eventually, the Godzilla suit would be replaced with a CG Godzilla. Animatronics, a technique similar to the Suitmation technique, was introduced. In this case, instead of Human actors in the creatures costumes, machines were used to replace them. This method allowed many close-up interaction shots which enabled a high level of realism (Aberly 1998). The suit was not entirely presented as a guy-in-a-suit. Primitive visual effects were added to give Gojira a scarier feel. In the shot where Gojira was tearing up Tokyo and boasting its bright flashing hind fins, hundreds of cells were hand drawn frame by frame (Ryfle 1998). In several shots where Gojira was using its atomic breath, the creature was actually a hand puppet (Godzilla 2005). With much use for puppetry and animatronics, computer generated graphics still triumphed as the best tool for visual effects in the digital era. In addition, with the developments of computer animation software and techniques, realism took to a new height. Puppeteers whom took the role of Gojira would soon be replaced with computer animators sitting behind the desk. While the actor in the Gojira suit was acting for the scene, he would be filmed using a high speed camera at around 240 frames-per-second. The film would then be projected at 24 frames-per-second giving the feel of weight and size (Faller 2010). Using modern day tools to make Godzilla (1998) move, instead of shooting a guy-in-a-suit at a high frame rate, Centropolis FX had Godzilla key-frame animated in the computer. Due to the difficulty of animating such a huge creature, the team of animators grew from twelve to sixty (Martin 1998). Subsequently, After many failed attempts of animating a proper walk cycle, the team managed to get the same feel of the high speed camera shots by animating Godzillas movement at a slower speed (Martin 1998). From using chicken wires and glued latex for the construction of the 1954 Gojira (Designing Godzilla featurette 2005), polygons and NURBS took over in the digital era. The Gojira suit was made by wrapping thin wires and bamboo with chicken wire. Cushions and fabric were also added for the actors comfort. Hand stirred latex was later applied onto the suit as skin (Designing Godzilla featurette 2005). Even though CGI was of an advanced technology, there were still setbacks. Modelers had to split up their work of digitizing the entire creature by manually using a stylus to draw out every single mesh into the computer. Furthermore, the software was not perfect and had its limitations. A Special Projects team was sent from Soft Image to trouble-shoot problems encountered by the CGI crew (Aberly 1998). Ideally, Gojira was thought to have suffered burns and scars from the H-bomb test. The textures and the suit of Gojira were hand crafted by two people. Tireless hours were spent modeling the skin bumps by using latex and then gluing it onto the skin (Godzilla, Designing Godzilla featurette 2005). However in the modern day Godzilla, there was the technology of displacement mapping whereby the 3D geometry of Godzilla would be displaced using a texture map that contained details of the skin. With the model rendered out in different passes (Martin 1998), the process was more effective and also gave compositors more freedom in manipulating the image to create a realistic Godzilla. 4| The Set | As the two Godzillas enter the city and begin their trail of destruction, the set they were on had to look real. Although both movies used miniatures for filming, this special effects technique was inevitably developed and refined extensively due to technological advancements. 4.1| Miniatures | Miniatures for Gojira (1954) were made for use as a city scape. Tsuburaya had the miniatures built mostly in the 1/25 scale, with the exception of the Diet building which was a 1/33 scale (Ragone 2007). With reference to the scale of the Gojira suit with the miniature set scale, it created an illusion of Gojiras large size. Buildings were made in a forced perspective method where buildings closer to the camera were built bigger and those at the horizon smaller. The sets were actually built on wooden platforms to allow cameramen to do low angle shots, making the buildings look even bigger (Ryfle 1998). Thin plaster and wood were used for the buildings framework. Elaborate planning of the citys construction included custom made streets that would create footprints when being stepped on. Plaster was poured over sawdust to create that effect (Ryfle 1998). Digital techniques such as CG effects animation helped the 1998 Godzilla in creating street cracks. With the help of Thomas Hollier, a senior technical director, street impact technology was created. This allowed a pipeline for a more effective way for animating pavements that would crack under Godzillas weight (Martin 1998). Miniatures were also widely used in the making of Godzilla (1998). Huge 1/24 size models were built to accommodate Godzillas path of destruction. Huge 1/10 models were also built for close-up shots. The buildings were much more detailed with some featuring plumbing and even desks. There were several miniature buildings that were reused from The Hudsucker Proxy and The Fifth Element. With this, a great amount of production time was saved as redesigning of the rest of the set was no longer required. Although both Godzilla movies incorporated miniatures, Godzilla (1998) added extensive digital compositing over its miniatures to give it more realism (Martin 1998). Techniques adopted for destroying the miniature buildings were much more sophisticated in the newer film. In the 1954 version, kerosene soaked rags were used to set the miniatures ablaze (Ragone 2007). For those that were to be destroyed by Gojiras fiery breath, explosives were set behind the buildings. Several buildings even had gasoline sprayed on them to make them burn more easily. For buildings that were supposed to be destroyed by physical contact, small cracks were made in those miniatures so that it would crumble in a more believable fashion when Gojira crushed it. It was a daunting task for the actor inside as he had to get it right on the first take as there was not enough budget and time for a rebuild (Ryfle 1998). In 1998, there were more types of pyrotechniques available and one such example would be the military type. Different methods were developed to be used on the different types of destruction. As Godzilla races through the city with its tail in free motion causing damages to buildings, cable pulls were attached to sandbags in the buildings interiors. When they were pulled, a trail of damage would occur as if Godzillas tail had swept through them. Mechanical rigs were also used to blast through a building with the CG Godzilla to be composited in later. The Chrysler Building in the scene which was destroyed by a misfire from the attack helicopters were very complex mechanical rigs. Right after the top floors exploded, it was orchestrated to shift and descend towards the camera (Aberly 1998). On the whole, miniature destruction could be choreographed with more control. Miniature vehicles were also used on the set for both films. The military elements used in the Gojira scene were tanks. Extensive pyrotechnical effects were used for the firing of the tank weapons. When the tank shells hit Gojira, blasts were created by wire rigged charges (Ryfle 1998). Comparing this to a similar scene in the 1998 movie, instead of tanks, CG Apache attack helicopters were used. Tracer fire, blasts including debris and smoke from the damage were all entirely computer generated. In addition of the rain and lighting effects which included the volumetric searchlights, RenderMan shaders were developed solely for the wet look of the helicopter. However, at the shot when Godzilla decides to lash out at the attacking military helicopters, a miniature was used. With creative ingenuity, a 1/8 scale model was made loaded with pyrotechnics and detonated (Martin 1998). 4.2| Atmosphere | To create the perfect terrorising atmosphere, Gojira (1954) was shot using a low-key lighting effect (Biodrowski 2007). This is because Low key lighting would create a darker toned picture with contrasting bright contours which is more suitable for dramatic shots. The grainy cinematography would also feed an extra punch to the eerie effect throughout the film (Ryfle et al. 2007). With the advancements in technology, analogue methods would be often replaced by colour grading and compositing. In Godzilla (1998), instead of using a low-key effect to give the dramatic shots, the environment was given a CG rain touch up. This was a complicated scene where many effects animations were applied. Not only was computer generated imagery used, acquisition footage was also being recorded for the environments. From rain to shattering windows, these footages would later be composited at different scales to tie up the scene together with the CG Godzilla (Martin 1998). Lighting was a key element in creating the perfect environment. Real lights from orange and bluish street lamps had to be reflected onto the CG Godzilla. Due to location shots where real lights were aimed at buildings when Godzilla was supposed to be in the foreground, artists had to rotoscope out the real lights and animate the CG ones. More complications had arisen when Godzilla rampaged and took out the real street lamps. Firstly, lights from the real lamps had to be rotoscoped out. A CG lamp would then be created and animated to flip or be destroyed (Martin 1998). Although this entire sequence would seem small compared to the main character, it made the scene look believable. Another small detail to add on is the stationary cars from the live action footage that underwent rotoscoping when Godzilla stomped past them. Compositing artists had to create rotoscope mattes for the vehicles and animate their bounce by hand. The add-on of the camera shake at post-production level also helped with the realism (Martin 1998). 5| The Conclusion| In my chosen scenes which depict the destructions from the streets of Tokyo to Manhattan, both Gojira and Godzilla held similar iconic symbolisms and metaphors. In the 1950s when Gojira was made, there were many underlying reasons for its creation. The focal point was the atomic bombs. Since Japan had directly experienced the impact of the bombs, it would have held a deep significance for them. To a certain extent, it was believed that without the two atomic bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Gojira would not have surfaced. Gojiras rampage through Tokyo would serve as a reminder of the recent devastating nuclear attack on Japan to the survivors of the atomic bombs as well as to the rest of the Japanese. Gojira also created awareness on new nuclear weapon testing and how our interference with Mother Nature might one day prove apocalyptic and leave a trail of death and devastation. Today, in the modern world context where technological advances are ever improving and as well as relative peace, Godzilla (1998) still carries the same essence as it did 44 years ago. With the threat of existing nuclear weapons and even deforestation which leads to Global Warming, metaphorically, Godzilla still serves as a reminder and warning of an impending disaster if we do not change our ways. Iconically, Godzilla would be referred to as a present doomsday movie. From comparing the different special effects techniques that were used in 1954 to those used in 1998, one could see how the technology leap into the digital era made a big difference in improving film quality and the workflow efficiency of special effects artists. Even though gone were the days where analogue techniques such as filming in front of glass mattes were regarded as the modern methods of special effects, several analogue techniques are still considered relevant with the present world. The integration of both analogue and digital effects proved to be a success in creating a hyper-real Godzilla. With the age of computers and constant development on digital techniques and tools, no one knows what the future might hold for us as special effects artists. However, like all foundations of buildings, the journey of learning the history and methodology of analogue techniques should be deemed as equally important for future developments. 6| Bilbliography| BOOKS Aberly, R., 1998. The making of godzilla. London: Titan books. Kalat, D., 1997. A critical history and filmography of tohos godzilla series. 2nd ed. USA: Mcfarland and company, inc. Ragone, A., 2007. Eiji tsuburaya: masters of monsters. San Francisco: Chronicle books. Ryfle, S., 1998. Japans favourite mon-star: the unauthorised biography of the big g. Canada: ECW press. JOURNALS Martin, K., 1998. The sound and the fury. Cinefex, 74(3), 84-107. WEBSITES Faller, G., 2010. Tsuburaya, eiji. Available from: http://www.filmreference.com/Writers-and-Production-Artists-Ta-Vi/Tsuburaya-Eiji.html [Accessed 9 October 2010] Biodrowski, S., 2007. Gojira(1954)/Godzilla, king of the monsters(1954)-Film and DVD review. Available from: http://cinefantastiqueonline.com/2007/11/godzilla-1954-film-dvd-review/ [Accessed 25th October 2010] Ryfle, S. and Goldstein, B., 2007. Godzilla 50th Anniversary Pressbook. Available from: http://www.scifijapan.com/articles/2007/12/06/godzilla-50th-anniversary-pressbook/ [Accessed 1st October 2010] DVD Godziszewski, E., Ryfle, S. and Aiken, S., 2005. Godzilla. DVD. UK: British Film Institute. Godziszewski, E., 2005. Godzilla-Designing Godzilla featurette. DVD. UK: British Film Institute. VIDEO Godzilla, King of the Monsters, 1998. Video. UK: BBC Video.

Life In A Reinassiance City Essay -- essays research papers

Life in A Renaissance City “…the most varied forms of human development are found united in the history of Florence, which in this sense deserves the name of the first modern State in the world, “ (Burckhardt)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Florence was the birthplace of the renaissance and the perfect example of a renaissance city. The city was founded during the Roman Empire but didn’t become important until the time of the renaissance. They had guilds, the patronage system, spectacular architecture, and was the home to some of the most important and influential renaissance figures and artists. (Beers)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All of the occupations were controlled by a guild. Guilds were a group of people that belong to the same professions and set a standard set of guidelines. Everyone belonged to a guild, not just the rich. A poor person would serve as an apprentice to a guild member. The more important guilds were the silk and cloth traders as well as bankers and judges. Lesser guilds were the butchers, blacksmiths and masons. (Bynog) “In the early history of Florence, there were battles between the guilds, which involved ransacking the city. This demonstrates how important the guilds were. They were more than just corporations or labor unions,'; (Bynog). The 12 guilds that controlled trade were the key to Florence’s commercial success. This was because the wealthy members of the guilds usually held go...

Creatine Essay -- essays research papers

Creatine Creatine is one of the primary things an athlete will do to put supplements into their body. These supplements range from protein shakes to illegal anabolic steroids. Some sports supplements are incredibly safe and effective, yet others work for a while and then fizzle out, while others still work well but do more damage than good in the long run. In the past athletes had to turn to such things as anabolic steroids or blood doping (the process of taking out blood and adding oxygen to it and putting it back into your body in order to increase a persons endurance). However, these procedures have many drawbacks. Mainly, they are illegal. An athlete may be suspended from playing their perspective sport for using them. They have many long terms and short term side effects. Many supplements are as simple as packaged energy and others require a strict exercise and eating regimen. I will explore sports supplements focusing on creatine and it's effect on the sport world. The first and most basic sports supplements are protein weight gainers. This normally comes in the form of powder and works best when mixed with milk. The main reason for taking extra protein is to gain weight and muscle mass. In today's athletics, whether it is high school, college, or professional, the athletes are getting bigger, stronger, and faster. Protein works the best when the athlete is on a strict work out regimen. Many sports supplements are a combination of herbs and proteins. A popular supplement of this sort is called "Heat." Heat has many different ingredients in it that allow the athlete to experience more energy by creating more heat. This allows the athletes' body to work more efficiently and therefore work faster, stronger, and longer. This is very important in the sports world because it is becoming harder and harder to compete at an unsupplemented level. Athletes want every advantage that he or she can receive. Now there is a substance that can give an athlete the edge that they desire. One of the most popular and effective sports supplements on the market today is Pure creatine monohydrate. Creatine was first introduced to the US in 1993 by a supplement company called Experimental and Applied Sciences. ... ... Another problem that people may see with creatine is the cost factor. A Creatine supply for a month will average close to forty-five dollars. With the cost of this and other supplements being so high, it seems that the higher class athletes would have an advantage, which causes many critics of creatine (or supplements in general) to deem it unfair. Their case is, athletes of one group should not be permitted to have an advantage over another due to something such as money. In conclusion, Creatine is and can be a very effective supplement for athletes, it doesn't help everyone. Depending on the person and the sport they are participating in creatine's effects can be either positive or negative. Though long term research on the effects of creatine have not been confirmed, as of now the only side effects are diarrhea, nausea, and weight gain. These are outweighed by the increased success that one may have in their strength and performance in sports. Creatine has a positive effect on sports as well as its negative effect, therefore each person should weigh the positive and negative, then make the decision for themselves.

Law Schools :: essays research papers

The Beginning of Law Schools and The Study of Law   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Up to the middle of the last century, the more popular method of legal instruction in America was the training of young law students in the office of a judge or practicing attorney. Even today a large number of lawyers in the United States receive their training somewhat in the same manner. In order to be admitted into the practice of law, one must pass a bar examination. This exam is conducted by a court or board acting under judicial direction. The knowledge needed to study for and pass the exam can be found wherever the candidate thinks they can find it. The oldest law school in America was of Judge Reeve in Litchfield, Connecticut, established in 1784. For several decades’ law students received their training through lectures and instruction by Judge Reeve and his assistants, whom were practicing lawyers. This oldest American law school was a private institution. After some time there was a rise in competitors, and law courses were introduced in connection with existing colleges. Among the new schools was Harvard College, whose first professorship of law dates from 1816, but the school did not attain its position of great and rapidly increasing significance for the development of legal instruction till 1830 (Gillers 20). In the beginning, the older American law schools were referred to as lecture schools. The “Blackstone’s Commentaries';, which were used for instruction earlier, formed the sole basis of work for these lecture schools. Through the lecture method a new style of teaching came about. It was called the text-book method. The main concept of this method was for the students to study and memorize the literature in the books and recite it to the instructor. In this method most of the students class time was occupied by mechanical testing of their knowledge and quizzing them during special hours (23). The two methods of instruction-lecture method and text-book method- were always present in newer schools and very effective. Even today in the United States these methods are used with a lot of improvements and added detail. During the early 1870’s a man by the name of Christopher Columbus Langdell created a new method of instruction for English law. Langdell was a New York city lawyer, he was appointed dean of Harvard law school in 1875. Langdell wanted to revise the curriculum of the school.

Tears of a Tiger

Justin Evans Goodbye to love This song goes along with the mood of the story because it is a sad song about losing a loved one. In the story after Rob and Andy pass away their families were very sad about losing them. This was a major plot point in the story. Eye of a Tiger Eye of a tiger relates to the story because Andy tells his brother multiple times in the story â€Å"it’s ok to put dragons in the jungle and tears on a tiger† the title of the story comes from this quote.Basketball The Theme of Tears of a tiger is basketball. This rising action of the story is when Andy, Rob, and 20B. J were celebrating after a huge win. Basketball by Lil Bow Wow I could imagine that this song is Robert Washington’s favorite song. The song talks about playing basketball. Rob always wanted to be on the court, or practicing his shot. That is why I think this song was Roberts’s favorite song.Heaven wasn’t so far away. After Andy and Rob died, their families wished they could see them again. In this song it talks about going to heaven for a day which is what they wanted to do Wish you were here In the climax of this story Rob Washington dies. The song wish you were here fits the mood of the story because everybody wishes Rob was there. Robs girlfriend wishes Roberts was back several times in the story. Tears of a Tiger

Psychological Definitions of Abnormal Behavior Essay

According to the science of psychology one’s behavior needs to follow a certain criteria in order to be deemed â€Å"normal†. If one’s behavior does not match the criteria, their behavior is seen as undesirable and wrong (requires change). For this physiologists need to be able to view a person’s behavior and be able to tell the difference between normal and abnormal. Whilst defining the â€Å"normality† of ones behavior physiologists need to be careful to remain objective and as free of any bias as possible, furthermore their experiment to determine ones behavior needs to be repeatable and reliable. In order to do this psychologists often consults the characteristics of ideal mental health proposed by Marie Jahoda in 1958. Marie Jahoda proposed 6 different characteristics for ideal mental health after surveying different doctors and psychologists; this is the list she came up with: * Positive self esteem and a strong sense of identity * Personal growth and development * Ability to cope with stressful situations (integration) * Autonomy and independence * Accurate perception of reality * Successful mastery of the environment, particularly relationships. Jahoda argued that if one does not meet these criteria then ones behavior can be deemed abnormal as a result of an existing problem. This in my opinion provides a strong applicable foundation for the determination of ones â€Å"normality† of behavior. However the problem with Jahoda’s ideal mental health scheme is the fact that the results obtained rely solely on the observer’s judgment, therefore presenting a inevitable bias not to mention the fact that no person can truly ever meet all of the suggested criteria. This mean that according to Jahoda every person is abnormal. Another way to look for abnormal behavior for psychologists is to find deviation form the social norm (majority). This is done by observing ones actions in public and seeing how normal it is. For example if you see someone wearing a bikini/swim trunks whilst walking around a supermarket, his or her behavior would be deemed as abnormal. The limitations of observing behavior in this manor lay in the fact that different cultures have different norms. Not to mention the fact that in any given culture norms evolve. What may have once been acceptable in the 80’s is not necessarily acceptable today. Abnormality of one’s behavior can also be monitored by looking at its statistical frequency. Meaning how common ones behavior is when compared to the rest of the public. If one’s behavior is shared by many it is deemed common and therefore â€Å"normal†, however if ones behavior is uncommon or rare, it is deemed abnormal. For example one may say that an individual who has an IQ below or above the average level of IQ in society is abnormal. The problem with this system is the fact that, it does not account for the desirability of the given behavior. In other words this system claims that both low and high IQ’s are an abnormality that need to be treated. Physiologists and others interested in â€Å"normality†, look over at ones behavior to see how well they can function. If one is unable to function adequately they are deemed abnormal. In order to determine how well one functions, psychologists consult Rosenhan and Seligman’s list of characteristics that define abnormality (1989). Rosenhan and Seligman argued that in order to classify someone as â€Å"inadequate in life† they must meet several of the characteristics as a pose to only one. This is their list: * Suffering * Maladaptiveness (danger to self) * Vividness & unconventionality (stands out) * Unpredictably & loss of control * Irrationality/incomprehensibility * Causes observer discomfort * Violates moral/social standards The possible limitation to Rosenhan and Seligman’s list of characteristics is the fact that â€Å"normal† people engage in activates which are potentially harmful like drinking or smoking, these people are not classed as abnormal. It is very difficult to classify behavior as to date no scheme to do so exists, which is perfect. Physiologists must tread carefully when labeling one with a disorder. Bias will always be present in one form or another, however the results can be deemed reliable if practicing psychologists consult multiple schemes in order to have a better chance of an accurate diagnosis. Bibliography * Class handout â€Å"abnormal?† Mrs campion. * â€Å"DefiningAbnormality.† AS Psychology /. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. . * â€Å"Abnormal Psychology.† Abnormal Psychology. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. .

Business Organization

I started my Lawn Mowing Service as a sole proprietorship. I bought the lawn mover, edge trimmer, gasoline, and rake. I mowed neighbor’s yards. I got all the profits. If I did a bad job, or could not mow because of weather, I took a loss. I was very successful and made a lot of money and had 100 yards to tend every month. But I got tired of mowing 100 yards a month and working between 10 and 12 hour days. I needed help. I asked my parents if they would help and I would pay them half of what I made on each yard they mowed. They said: â€Å"No, we want the full amount for each yard mowed. The only way that they would be able to get the full amount is to produce their own yard service tools. If I had to provide them, I did not want to lose money for my material. We agreed to a deal that everything would be 50/50. This is when we formed a partnership. We agreed to 50/50 as they would take half the work and produce half the equipment needed. Even though it was my idea and business , 50/50 is better than no help at all and they are footing half the expenses. With this help, my business was growing faster and we were making money like crazy.With our business growing, other members of the family wanted in on the action. However, none of them wanted to actually work directly on the business as they had other jobs and did not want to work out in the heat. So, we formed a limited liability company. Each of them put up an investment, and we purchased more lawn service tools and trucks so we could easily move large mowers around town. The investment was also used to advertise the business. With having more customers now, we hired professional people what would do a great job of mowing yards and would be friendly with our customers.With having more customers, all the investors were paid back their investment and were now making a profit. At this point we were ready to expand our business to include tree service as well as landscaping. We wanted to expand so we could g et contracts with the county, city, and state to mow the grass along the highways, interstates, and county roads. To expand our business, we needed a loan. We went to the bank, but they bank said: â€Å"No. Your business is too small and you do not have any assets to cover the loan. So, we decided to form a joint-stock company and made the stockholders liable for debts. In other words, we used their houses and or vehicles as collateral. When we went back to the bank they said: â€Å"Yes, a loan is no problem. If you don't make good on the loan we'll use the collateral to repay the debt. † With the money we were ready to expand. At the last minute we decided to buy a piece of property and open up our own nursery. This now allowed our customers to come and pick out plants that they would like to see in their landscaping instead of us taking them to a competitor to purchase plants.

Hedda Gabler Response Questions

Why is Head so cruel to other females in the play? Does she treat women differently from men? * I think Head is so cruel to other females because she wishes she was them. She wishes she had the life and the relationships they have with other men. She wants the attention that she believes that other women get. Head is so similar to Regina George, a character in the movie Mean Girls. Regina George loved all the attention and love from everyone but it still wasn't enough.The moment others darted to get the attention that she felt was hers, she wasn't happy. She did whatever it took to get attention back on her. No matter how drastic. Do you think Head is pregnant? * I think Head is pregnant for several reasons. One reason Is her hatefulness and the increase of her hatefulness. Pregnant women are often hormonal and In pain, thus making them hateful most of the time. Head is constantly hateful and a pregnancy would explain everything. Another reason is when she burned the manuscript; it w as like burning George's baby.I feel like In Head's mind, burning the manuscript symbolizes what she would like to do with an actually child because she probably hates children as much as she secretly hates herself. The final thing that makes me wonder if Head Is pregnant Is the fact that she kills herself. If we go with the assumption that she hates children, why would she put herself through the pain and body changes that she would have to go through to birth a child she doesn't even want? So killing herself would get rid of the child as well as end her life so she doesn't have to live with her poor decision.

The Immensity Of The Collision Between Cultures Essay

The Immensity Of The Collision Between Cultures - Essay Example The sages say that the past is not really real, that it is just all in the mind, thoughts, that have no reality in and of itself. From experience, I can say that I am more a product of my choices and my own personal history rather than my cultural heritage. I have always been my own person, distinct from another, in the same way, that even my closest friends are different from me, and defined by their own choices, even though we grew up together and share many things in common. Growing up, there was no question that I can be my own person and that I can even make decisions on who to befriend and what I did with my free time, within limits. I was even free to choose what I wanted to study and what career I would pursue. My tastes in clothes and in music have always been my own. Even my choice of friends is something that was, is up to me. All of these are encapsulated in my present, and my present circumstances alone shape all of these choices and decisions, unhampered by any past or cultural tradition or heritage. This seems so contrary to what Kingston’s family in China, and the young unmarried people in their community, were used to. Their restriction and bowing to tradition seemed to be the norm, and going against the dictates of the community meant becoming ostracized and forgotten. Yet in another sense, we human beings need some kind of grounding in the past. If there is no past then a man in a way is also a kind of ungrounded animal with no social dimension at all. The past roots us to social history, and cultural history as well. In this social aspect and cultural aspect of our lives, we relate to others, and others relate to us, in the categories that they also define themselves in. In the context of American society, this is clear.

Elements of the Legal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Elements of the Legal System - Essay Example The adversarial type is always seen on films and read in novels. The adversarial model works in two types of criminal cases: First are the celebrated cases, where famous people are involved, or cases that are horrifying and beyond the normal type of crime. Second are the serious felonies, which include serious misdemeanors that are done by strangers. The consensual model is a model classified as more effective because there is good cooperation from both the defense and prosecutor. In this model, the two attorneys from both sides share the same understanding of the crimes and punishments. These attorneys think that arguing over the case will only slow down the court proceedings of the case when their main purpose is to make the process faster and finish the throng of cases as quickly and effectively as possible. Crime Control vs. Due Process Models. Crime control model is the assurance of public protection. This type of model believes that all criminal suspects are guilty; thus, their cases should be dealt quickly in the courts or in any other legal branches. The legal process of this model with the criminal suspects is characterized like that of a conveyer belt where all cases and the suspects pass by in the conveyer belt quick and fast. â€Å"Crime control and consensual models complement each other since crime control gives importance to quickly and efficiently convict criminal suspects to ensure the public their safety† (Barkan, 2009). The consensual model gives importance of the same goal but only because to ensure of the continuous and uninterrupted court proceedings. In contrast, due process model is a model that protects and ensures the suspected criminal from the likely abuse of the government of its power. This model take into consideration that the suspected criminal or defendant is innocent of the charges thrown at him. In a democratic country, both the innocent and the guilty deserve to have proper court proceedings and ensure of their indivi dual freedom. The adversarial model and the due process model â€Å"complement each other† since the former model stresses on challenging the evidences of the two parties while the latter highlights on protecting the rights of the suspected offender (Barkan, 2009). Lawyers The significance of the function of a defense attorney is to talk and act in behalf of the defendant. A defense attorney understands the fair process of the criminal justice system. A defendant is in need of every legal advice and counsel throughout the court proceedings, and a defense attorney is the one that gives such. A defense attorney also â€Å"represents the defendant after the he or she is taken into custody†¦to give advice and to make sure constitutional rights are not violated during pretrial procedures† (â€Å"The Adversary Justice System,† n.d.). The prosecuting attorney does not give advices the same way a defense attorney does. A prosecutor’s responsibility is making sure that parties involved in the trial are conscious and be aware of legal measures. Prosecuting vs. Defense Attorney. The prosecuting and the defense attorneys both lay their sides to the judge and to the jury, and during the trial proceedings of the case both are involved. The prosecuting team goes first in presenting evidence that proves the conviction of the defendant followed by the defendant who is going to present his or her